Theory
Introduction to basic concepts of topography and cartography. Surface’s reference of distances and altitudes in topography. Measurements (units, accuracy, angular and linear error comparison). Signing and Marking surveying point’s methods. Straight line implementation. Description and detailed presentation of instruments (Modern Theodolite, Tilting Level). Distance measurement (Mechanically Optically, Electromagnetically). Measurements of horizontal and vertical angles with Total Station (measurements at two telescope positions, Iterative Method, Direction’s Method). Topography’s Fundamental Problems. Solving of polygonal routes and method of error correction. Altimetry (geometric, trigonometric). Surveys (tape measurements, use of goniometrical instruments, modern theodolite method – total station). Topographical Drawings (design and use of grid, scales). Introduction to Geoinformatics, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Spatial Analysis.

Laboratory
Use of topographic javelins and plumb, javelin alignment. Straight line implementation by using javelins. Distance measurement using tape and javelins. Terrain measurement using tape measure: Method of triangles, Method of rays, Method of Cartesian coordinates. Use of Level instrument, routing measurements, solving and error correction. Use of Modern Theodolite: Centering – Leveling – Target Acquisition – Reading horizontal and vertical circle. Routing implementation, measurements of distances and angles, sketch. Ensure of surveying points. Total Station surveying. Calculate coordinates of route’s surveying points.